The Gray Degeneration of the Brain and Spinal Cord: A Story of the Once Favored Diagnosis With Subsequent Vessel-Based Etiopathological Studies in Multiple Sclerosis.

In 1857, French-Austrian psychiatrist Bénédict Augustin Morel (1809-1873) published his infamous though highly successful Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine, which was fully dedicated to the social problem of "degeneration" and its psychiatric and neurological underpinnings. European psychiatrists, neurologists, and pathologists integrated Morel's approach into their neuropsychiatric theories and searched for the somatic and morphological alterations in the human brain, as did the versatile pupil of Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902), Georg Eduard von Rindfleisch (1836-1908), in his Lehrbuch der pathologischen Gewebelehre (1867). This can be seen as a starting point of research into the vascular genesis of "multiple sclerosis" by observing that the changes of blood vessels and nerve elements could be the result of inflammation and increased blood flow. We examine the waxing and waning of a 19th century diagnostic condition, which fell out of favor and resurfaced during the 20th century.

Spinal cord.

We first present a brief historic review of developments in the understanding of spinal cord clinical neuroanatomy and neurophysiology over the past 200 years. We then discuss the technical aspects that apply to the examination of the human spinal cord giving details on the interrelations between the spinal cord and the overlying structures, including the meninges and vertebrae. The subsequent discussion focuses on diseases of the spinal cord. Diseases that affect the spinal cord are vascular disease, diseases of spinal column, trauma, developmental abnormalities, central nervous system degenerative disease, inflammatory disease, metabolic and nutritional myelopathies, and tumors. We summarize our knowledge regarding general reactions of spinal cord tissue to disease, in particular Wallerian degeneration of descending/ascending tracts and axonal reaction. Two categories of disease will be covered in depth: vascular disease of the spinal cord, including a review of normal vascular anatomy, and diseases of the vertebral column that can affect the cord secondarily.

Cirugía aórtica: ¿un arte en decadencia? / Aortic surgery: an art in decline?

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Charcot and vascular Parkinsonism.

Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), recognized as the founder of Neurology and the first formal teacher of nervous system diseases, died on August 16, 1893, from acute pulmonary edema secondary to myocardial infarction. In his last years, there were several descriptions of his gait and posture disorders, suggesting the diagnosis of "lower-half parkinsonism" due to cerebrovascular disease.

Charcot and vascular Parkinsonism / O parkinsonismo vascular de Charcot

ABSTRACT Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), recognized as the founder of Neurology and the first formal teacher of nervous system diseases, died on August 16, 1893, from acute pulmonary edema secondary to myocardial infarction. In his last years, there were several descriptions of his gait and posture disorders, suggesting the diagnosis of “lower-half parkinsonism” due to cerebrovascular disease.

RESUMO Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) pode ser reconhecido como o fundador da Neurologia, bem como o primeiro professor de doenças do sistema nervoso. Ele morreu no dia 16 de Agosto de 1893, em decorrência de edema agudo de pulmão, secundário a infarto agudo do miocárdio. Nos últimos anos da vida de Charcot, ocorreram várias descrições de anormalidades da sua marcha e da sua postura, sugerindo o diagnóstico de parkinsonismo vascular.

Cirujanos Vasculares de Habla Hispana propone a Angiología / Spanish-Speaking Cardiovascular Surgeons (CVHH) proposal to Angiologia

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El examen europeo de especialistas en cirugía vascular: 10 buenas razones para certificarse como Fellow of the European Board of Vascular Surgery (FEBVS) / The European Vascular Surgery Specialist Examination: 10 good reasons to be certified as a Fellow of the European Board of Vascular Surgery (FEBVS)

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Causas de mortalidad por enfermedades del aparato circulatorio en Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz) en el siglo XIX / Causes of death due to circulatory system diseases in horsemen of Jerez (Badajoz) in the 19th century

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